Technical Articles
Deep technical writing on pH, ORP, ISE, conductivity, ISO 17025 uncertainty, and applied electrochemistry across oil & gas, mining, water treatment, and food/ethanol processing. 14 articles.
ORP in Chlorination for Canadian Water Utilities: Why Your Free Chlorine Reading Isn't What the Probe Says
Most Ontario and Quebec water operators use ORP as a proxy for free chlorine residual. At constant 1 mg/L Cl₂, ORP varies 130 mV between pH 6 and pH 9. That variation is a compliance risk under Ontari
Ion-Selective Electrodes for Copper, Chloride, and Nitrate: What CALA Labs Need to Know About Matrix Interference
An ISE is cheap, fast, and in certain matrices wildly wrong. On mining tailings, a copper ISE can read +42 % vs ICP-MS. Here is the matrix-by-matrix interference data, the slope-drift diagnostic, and
Corn Ethanol Fermentation: Why 2 °C Outside the Window Costs a 75 MMgal Plant $340k a Month
US corn ethanol fermenters live in a 2 °C window. Outside it, Saccharomyces shifts to glycerol, or Lactobacillus infects. Field data from 12 Iowa/Nebraska plants — the pH/temperature architecture that
Eletrodos de pH em ETE de Frigorífico: Ataque Químico, Gordura e CIP
ETE de frigorífico combina os três piores agressores para eletrodos: gordura animal, CIP cáustico quente e cargas orgânicas de 2000 mg/L DBO. A sonda errada dura 6 semanas. A certa dura 11 meses.
Cianuración en Minería de Oro: Ventana de pH 10.5 y Control de CN⁻ Libre
En minería de oro LatAm, 0.3 pH fuera de la ventana 10.5–11.0 costa hasta USD 4M al año en recuperación perdida. La especiación HCN/CN⁻, la deriva del ISE en agua de mina, y la arquitectura que funcio
Fermentação de Etanol: Controle Térmico e pH no Biorreator Industrial
Na fermentação industrial de etanol, 2 °C fora da faixa reduzem rendimento em 8 %. pH abaixo de 3.5 inibe a levedura. Contaminação bacteriana só aparece no gráfico depois que o estrago está feito. Arq
Control de ORP en Cloración de Plantas Potabilizadoras: Por qué su Residual no es lo que la Sonda Indica
El ORP en plantas potabilizadoras varía 130 mV para la misma concentración de cloro libre según el pH. Las sondas baratas no distinguen entre cloro activo y ORP alto. Datos, química y especificación c
Biofilme em Sondas de Condutividade em Lodo Ativado: O Erro de 15 % que Passa Despercebido
Em ETE industrial, o biofilme forma-se sobre sondas de condutividade em 30–45 dias e subestima o valor medido em até 15 %. Sem alarme, sem aviso. Dados de campo, tipos de sonda e estratégia de CIP que
Chloride Interference in Municipal Water pH: What Canadian Auditors Miss Every Winter
Road-salt runoff pushes Calgary Bow River chloride to 3,800 mg/L every winter. Standard gel-junction electrodes read 1.0 pH low under that load. Here's what CSA B128 expects, and what low-maintenance
Gold CIL pH Window and Free Cyanide Control: Where Your Recovery Actually Dies
The 0.3 pH drift that looks innocuous costs a 2,000 tpd gold operation roughly $140k per month in lost recovery. Here's the thermodynamics, the measurement architecture, and the control strategy — fro
ISO 17025 Junction Potential: The Non-Conformance Hiding in Your CALA Audit
Most CALA-accredited labs declare pH uncertainty that's missing the dominant term. Here's the junction-potential uncertainty budget that ISO 17025:2017 §6.5 actually expects — with sample matrix numbe
SAGD Produced Water pH: The Reference Electrode Architecture That Actually Survives
Standard Ag/AgCl references fail in 3–6 weeks in Athabasca SAGD produced water. Here's the architecture that delivers 10 months of stable operation — with field data at 50 ppm H₂S.
Why Your pH Electrode Reads Wrong in H₂S Environments
Hydrogen sulphide poisons the Ag/AgCl reference and shifts junction potential. Full technical breakdown.
Brix Interference on pH Measurement
Junction potential shift and reference contamination in high-Brix solutions — sugar, ethanol, and beverage labs.